I won't get into the difference between a social welfare state that is primarily capitalist in its economy vs socialism as that would take this thread off topic.
The example of Montana was not intended to be taken literally. In general it is better to fund something that benefits a local area by taxing that particular area rather than the state or country in general. Of course there are always exceptions.
The issue isn't really people in Montana paying for stuff that benefits New York City. The real political issue is that some people who live in upstate New York (which for some goes all the way down to Westchester County, and may even include Suffolk County in Long Island) feel they are paying a disproportionate amount of money on stuff that benefits New York City. This is accented by the fact that parts of upstate New York are in economic decline. Forget about the argument that New York City is an economic engine that powers the rest of the state, Americans in general are very provincial, and are reluctant to pay for public works that don't immediately and directly benefit them. I doesn't bother me that a (very minuscule) part of my gas taxes fund highways in Montana, I don't know why they're all bent out of shape about a smaller amount of their money funding stuff in New York.
This is why I'm mystified that congestion pricing has been a political controversy. It benefits the vast majority of people in the New York area who don't own cars or have the sense to commute into Midtown and Downtown by public transportation. It funds transportation works in the City, thus reducing the need for funds from people who live upstate who rarely, if ever drive in Midtown or Downtown. The only people who this really affects are suburban commuters who, for some reason, are masochistic enough to want to drive into Midtown and Downtown. Of course, this includes big shots who feels they should never have to associate with the riffraff and ride the subway to work. (Related to this, I worked for a while under an EPA high muckety-muck responsible for regulating auto emissions and greenhouse gases who regularly drove to work while the rest of us peons rode in with subsidized transit tickets. Didn't set a very good example, in my opinion.)
The only stakeholders with a legitimate concern, in my opinion, are cabbies/rideshare drivers and delivery drivers. But I believe that most congestion pricing proposals have some kind of accommodation for those sorts of uses.