There are plenty of poorly built high-rises - I can think of one luxury condominium tower in Chicago that has fairly major settling in one bay. But those aren't necessarily inefficiencies, just poor workmanship.
The MBTA example above sounds a lot like the Skokie Swift in Chicago as well, quick and cheap public sector project that turned out to be a success.
I could also mention the Harold Washington Library in Chicago as an example of problems with public construction (the design of the building, planning specifically, is flawed and inconvenient, but it's reasonably well built and won the public competition because 'it looks like a library') in that the desire to use minority contractors backfired - why? Because it's a government project the payouts take longer because the approvals are stricter. How did it backfire? Most of the contractors were small and couldn't wait until they got paid, while a larger company would have had other income streams (however, this is really getting off the efficiency of government vs private projects I think).
I think the power plant and old RR company examples are interesting, but power plants are notoriously complex and slow to build (especially if atomic) and raising money for RR construction was tricky and rife, in the 19th C, with graft and corruption...
Anyways, rant over, back to our regularly scheduled programming...